1
00:00:10,700 --> 00:00:09,440
alright so I was saying I'm glad some

2
00:00:12,379 --> 00:00:10,710
talks this morning have done some of my

3
00:00:13,820 --> 00:00:12,389
prick work for me and explaining some of

4
00:00:15,890 --> 00:00:13,830
the concepts to which should make the

5
00:00:16,790 --> 00:00:15,900
skull a little faster but basically what

6
00:00:19,580 --> 00:00:16,800
I'm going to be talking to you about

7
00:00:21,589 --> 00:00:19,590
today is a energetic modeling approach

8
00:00:24,019 --> 00:00:21,599
to understanding habitability and

9
00:00:27,170 --> 00:00:24,029
microbial distribution and hydrothermal

10
00:00:30,050 --> 00:00:27,180
vent systems so we will talk about

11
00:00:32,030 --> 00:00:30,060
habitability in astrobiology a lot that

12
00:00:33,710 --> 00:00:32,040
habitability is something that we need

13
00:00:36,170 --> 00:00:33,720
to be able to quantify and when we're

14
00:00:37,490 --> 00:00:36,180
talking about microbial organisms we

15
00:00:40,180 --> 00:00:37,500
need to have a way to quantify

16
00:00:42,860 --> 00:00:40,190
environments that is not based on our

17
00:00:44,900 --> 00:00:42,870
preconceptions about habitability for

18
00:00:47,389 --> 00:00:44,910
instance we need to be able to decide

19
00:00:49,400 --> 00:00:47,399
whether this nice filled with the Sheep

20
00:00:52,450 --> 00:00:49,410
or this like smoke a hydrothermal vent

21
00:00:55,340 --> 00:00:52,460
is objectively and quantitatively

22
00:00:57,979 --> 00:00:55,350
habitable in different ways and the way

23
00:00:59,569 --> 00:00:57,989
that are we do this in my project as we

24
00:01:01,459 --> 00:00:59,579
look at energy availability because

25
00:01:03,110 --> 00:01:01,469
energy availability is a neutral

26
00:01:05,359 --> 00:01:03,120
determinant of habitability we're not

27
00:01:07,910 --> 00:01:05,369
thinking about and we're not comparing

28
00:01:09,560 --> 00:01:07,920
temperatures we're not just comparing

29
00:01:11,390 --> 00:01:09,570
the amount of energy available to

30
00:01:14,960 --> 00:01:11,400
organisms and the amount of energy they

31
00:01:16,940 --> 00:01:14,970
need to survive so the environment that

32
00:01:18,380 --> 00:01:16,950
I look at a deep sea hydrothermal vents

33
00:01:20,719 --> 00:01:18,390
so we had a couple of talks yesterday

34
00:01:22,429 --> 00:01:20,729
that talked about very alkaline

35
00:01:25,039 --> 00:01:22,439
hydrothermal vent systems and ones

36
00:01:27,560 --> 00:01:25,049
listed and I'm sort of Archaea notions

37
00:01:29,840 --> 00:01:27,570
but I'm looking at modern ones black

38
00:01:31,100 --> 00:01:29,850
smoke events so briefly for those of you

39
00:01:33,380 --> 00:01:31,110
who are unfamiliar with deep sea

40
00:01:35,749 --> 00:01:33,390
hydrothermal vent systems basically what

41
00:01:37,819 --> 00:01:35,759
happens is seawater is drawn down and

42
00:01:40,280 --> 00:01:37,829
percolates through the crust and where

43
00:01:42,469 --> 00:01:40,290
it becomes very hot very reduced and

44
00:01:44,660 --> 00:01:42,479
unvarying metallic and then it flows

45
00:01:46,640 --> 00:01:44,670
back up as hydrothermal discharge and it

46
00:01:48,260 --> 00:01:46,650
also mixes with seawater which is only

47
00:01:51,080 --> 00:01:48,270
in drawn down a little way into the

48
00:01:53,030 --> 00:01:51,090
crust and Vince both as black smoke a

49
00:01:55,730 --> 00:01:53,040
hydrothermal venting which creates this

50
00:01:58,069 --> 00:01:55,740
black hydrothermal plume where the hot

51
00:02:00,679 --> 00:01:58,079
reduced metallic fluid makes the cold

52
00:02:03,770 --> 00:02:00,689
oxidizing metal-poor seawater and iron

53
00:02:06,440 --> 00:02:03,780
sulfide specific precipitate out but it

54
00:02:08,330 --> 00:02:06,450
also vince's diffuse fluid down to 250

55
00:02:10,310 --> 00:02:08,340
degrees when it's being mixed with a lot

56
00:02:11,720 --> 00:02:10,320
of Swiss mixed with a lot of seawater so

57
00:02:14,059 --> 00:02:11,730
obviously everything that comes up there

58
00:02:16,400 --> 00:02:14,069
is being sterilized but microbes that

59
00:02:19,370 --> 00:02:16,410
live both in the vent community and the

60
00:02:21,110 --> 00:02:19,380
subsurface and can be

61
00:02:22,850 --> 00:02:21,120
pulled by sampling the diffuse finding

62
00:02:24,650 --> 00:02:22,860
with the floods a little cooler and the

63
00:02:27,170 --> 00:02:24,660
key thing about these systems as primary

64
00:02:29,450 --> 00:02:27,180
production is chemosynthetic so it's not

65
00:02:33,200 --> 00:02:29,460
based on photosynthesis it's based

66
00:02:35,390 --> 00:02:33,210
entirely on organisms microbes which are

67
00:02:37,820 --> 00:02:35,400
making the living off the chemical redox

68
00:02:39,140 --> 00:02:37,830
potential between the cold oxidizing

69
00:02:41,930 --> 00:02:39,150
seawater and the hot reducing

70
00:02:43,850 --> 00:02:41,940
hydrothermal fluid and on the ride is a

71
00:02:47,180 --> 00:02:43,860
like smoke a chimney so you have a

72
00:02:50,030 --> 00:02:47,190
pretty picture now at hydrothermal vent

73
00:02:52,250 --> 00:02:50,040
systems geochemist so not me can model

74
00:02:54,290 --> 00:02:52,260
energy availability to microbes for a

75
00:02:56,900 --> 00:02:54,300
number of different microbial metabolic

76
00:02:58,310 --> 00:02:56,910
strategies so this is an image from the

77
00:03:00,410 --> 00:02:58,320
column and shock which is a well-known

78
00:03:02,060 --> 00:03:00,420
pay for doing this and essentially what

79
00:03:04,070 --> 00:03:02,070
this showing you is over a range of

80
00:03:05,720 --> 00:03:04,080
temperatures the energy available and

81
00:03:07,970 --> 00:03:05,730
they're measuring it and calories per

82
00:03:09,560 --> 00:03:07,980
kilogram of vent fluid for a number of

83
00:03:11,600 --> 00:03:09,570
different metabolic strategies and

84
00:03:13,760 --> 00:03:11,610
methanogenesis iron reduction sulfur

85
00:03:15,860 --> 00:03:13,770
reduction and so forth changes over

86
00:03:18,460 --> 00:03:15,870
temperature so essentially at lower

87
00:03:21,140 --> 00:03:18,470
temperatures oxidation oxidation

88
00:03:22,430 --> 00:03:21,150
metabolisms are favorable and at higher

89
00:03:25,690 --> 00:03:22,440
temperatures filmer philocan

90
00:03:28,580 --> 00:03:25,700
hyperthermophilic ones reductive

91
00:03:32,210 --> 00:03:28,590
metabolisms are favorable and they have

92
00:03:33,920 --> 00:03:32,220
also looked at it over a binge chimney

93
00:03:35,900 --> 00:03:33,930
so this is mean to be a cross-section of

94
00:03:37,640 --> 00:03:35,910
eventually and they're predicting where

95
00:03:39,590 --> 00:03:37,650
different organisms would live based on

96
00:03:41,980 --> 00:03:39,600
the temperature and within this venture

97
00:03:44,360 --> 00:03:41,990
moni assuming that you have the same

98
00:03:46,790 --> 00:03:44,370
geochemical fluid available throughout

99
00:03:48,199 --> 00:03:46,800
the VIN chimney so essentially what

100
00:03:50,060 --> 00:03:48,209
they're saying is you can predict what

101
00:03:52,910 --> 00:03:50,070
should be living we're based on the

102
00:03:54,740 --> 00:03:52,920
geochemistry and the temperature however

103
00:03:56,570 --> 00:03:54,750
to understand what should be living

104
00:03:57,680 --> 00:03:56,580
we're based on energy availability we

105
00:03:59,750 --> 00:03:57,690
also need to know about energy

106
00:04:01,220 --> 00:03:59,760
requirements so there are two

107
00:04:02,720 --> 00:04:01,230
essentially there are two types of

108
00:04:04,280 --> 00:04:02,730
minimum energy requirement that we

109
00:04:06,440 --> 00:04:04,290
talked about in microbiology they've

110
00:04:09,080 --> 00:04:06,450
both broadly called maintenance energies

111
00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:09,090
but more specifically we have true

112
00:04:12,860 --> 00:04:11,010
maintenance energies and which is the

113
00:04:14,990 --> 00:04:12,870
energy required to maintain cellular

114
00:04:17,180 --> 00:04:15,000
function without growth so this is like

115
00:04:19,160 --> 00:04:17,190
maybe an organism in the permafrost its

116
00:04:20,990 --> 00:04:19,170
maintaining its osmotic balance it's

117
00:04:23,150 --> 00:04:21,000
repairing its DNA but it's not growing

118
00:04:25,520 --> 00:04:23,160
growth energy on the other hand is when

119
00:04:27,580 --> 00:04:25,530
an organism over time is able to both do

120
00:04:31,130 --> 00:04:27,590
all that work of maintaining itself and

121
00:04:32,540 --> 00:04:31,140
reproduce so these are two there so

122
00:04:33,439 --> 00:04:32,550
these are two different types of minimum

123
00:04:35,809 --> 00:04:33,449
growth requirement

124
00:04:38,959 --> 00:04:35,819
one sustains the organism and one allows

125
00:04:40,790 --> 00:04:38,969
the community to grow now maintenance

126
00:04:43,129 --> 00:04:40,800
energies also have a relationship to

127
00:04:44,570 --> 00:04:43,139
temperature so maintenance energies and

128
00:04:46,429 --> 00:04:44,580
here I'm talking specifically about the

129
00:04:49,249 --> 00:04:46,439
minimum maintenance requirement not in

130
00:04:51,019 --> 00:04:49,259
both of them I measured an energy per

131
00:04:52,969 --> 00:04:51,029
cell per time unit and these sort of

132
00:04:55,279 --> 00:04:52,979
studies so different studies will use

133
00:04:57,350 --> 00:04:55,289
different values for the energy and the

134
00:04:58,879 --> 00:04:57,360
time unit and sometimes they'll use gram

135
00:05:00,890 --> 00:04:58,889
of carbon instead of cell but it's

136
00:05:04,339 --> 00:05:00,900
basically energy per biomass per time

137
00:05:06,379 --> 00:05:04,349
unit and this is T adapted from t who

138
00:05:08,209 --> 00:05:06,389
said all which is the Beast no

139
00:05:10,369 --> 00:05:08,219
meta-analysis and maintenance energies

140
00:05:12,769 --> 00:05:10,379
and microorganisms and what it's showing

141
00:05:15,050 --> 00:05:12,779
us is and so they're doing kilojoules

142
00:05:17,390 --> 00:05:15,060
per gram of proof do I weight per day

143
00:05:18,890 --> 00:05:17,400
for maintenance energy and the

144
00:05:20,570 --> 00:05:18,900
aggression got over temperature so you

145
00:05:22,939 --> 00:05:20,580
can see first off the maintenance energy

146
00:05:24,589 --> 00:05:22,949
young Rises with temperature and the

147
00:05:26,779 --> 00:05:24,599
endless meter analysis and measured

148
00:05:28,879 --> 00:05:26,789
maintenance synergies and secondly that

149
00:05:31,299 --> 00:05:28,889
energy aerobic maintenance energy is a

150
00:05:33,469 --> 00:05:31,309
slightly higher than an aerobic however

151
00:05:35,209 --> 00:05:33,479
there's a couple with problems with this

152
00:05:38,209 --> 00:05:35,219
graph and for the purposes of deep-sea

153
00:05:40,429 --> 00:05:38,219
hydrothermal vents which that first if

154
00:05:43,760 --> 00:05:40,439
you see a little green circle those are

155
00:05:45,200 --> 00:05:43,770
the only two autotrophic anaerobes on

156
00:05:46,730 --> 00:05:45,210
the graph everything else is hit or a

157
00:05:49,070 --> 00:05:46,740
trophic and secondly if you look at the

158
00:05:51,619 --> 00:05:49,080
big blue circle almost everything in

159
00:05:53,119 --> 00:05:51,629
this meta-analysis goes between 20 and

160
00:05:55,010 --> 00:05:53,129
40 degrees if we want to look at

161
00:05:58,939 --> 00:05:55,020
thermophiles and hypothermia files the

162
00:06:00,860 --> 00:05:58,949
anaerobic I'm organism using reducing

163
00:06:02,689 --> 00:06:00,870
metabolisms at hydrothermal vents we

164
00:06:05,540 --> 00:06:02,699
basically only have those two dots in

165
00:06:08,029 --> 00:06:05,550
the green circle as data and so we want

166
00:06:09,800 --> 00:06:08,039
data that allows us to confirm whether

167
00:06:11,600 --> 00:06:09,810
the stream that t use is looking at

168
00:06:14,869 --> 00:06:11,610
actually exists for the organisms we're

169
00:06:17,689 --> 00:06:14,879
interested in through the more this

170
00:06:20,540 --> 00:06:17,699
graph on the writers from holo 2004 this

171
00:06:22,249 --> 00:06:20,550
is trying to look at methanogenesis and

172
00:06:24,110 --> 00:06:22,259
here they taking maintenance energies

173
00:06:26,719 --> 00:06:24,120
basing them on the theoretical from

174
00:06:29,059 --> 00:06:26,729
production energy required to produce

175
00:06:32,689 --> 00:06:29,069
ATP and that you can see that whole ER

176
00:06:35,149 --> 00:06:32,699
is giving us maintain synergies from

177
00:06:36,499 --> 00:06:35,159
minus 22 130 degrees which makes sense

178
00:06:38,719 --> 00:06:36,509
because over the boundaries of life

179
00:06:41,199 --> 00:06:38,729
right except that we don't actually have

180
00:06:43,819 --> 00:06:41,209
culture based data from microorganisms

181
00:06:45,259 --> 00:06:43,829
for anything like that and so that's

182
00:06:46,850 --> 00:06:45,269
that's pretty much entirely theoretical

183
00:06:48,589 --> 00:06:46,860
and what would be really nice

184
00:06:50,510 --> 00:06:48,599
if we had data that was actually based

185
00:06:52,279 --> 00:06:50,520
on growing organisms and measuring their

186
00:06:53,929 --> 00:06:52,289
maintenance energies to put into the

187
00:06:55,369 --> 00:06:53,939
geochemical models to predict where

188
00:06:57,709 --> 00:06:55,379
these things are going to live rather

189
00:07:01,820 --> 00:06:57,719
than just using the theoretical piece of

190
00:07:03,920 --> 00:07:01,830
data so this is basically my entire PhD

191
00:07:05,629 --> 00:07:03,930
the study and what we want to do is we

192
00:07:07,820 --> 00:07:05,639
want to obtain and culture based

193
00:07:10,040 --> 00:07:07,830
maintenance energy values by growing the

194
00:07:12,499 --> 00:07:10,050
organisms and pure culture in the lab we

195
00:07:13,760 --> 00:07:12,509
then want to examine the distribution of

196
00:07:15,469 --> 00:07:13,770
the organisms that we're measuring

197
00:07:17,929 --> 00:07:15,479
maintenance energy is for at higher

198
00:07:19,730 --> 00:07:17,939
thermal of insights and can be compared

199
00:07:21,649 --> 00:07:19,740
the predicted and actual habitability so

200
00:07:23,240 --> 00:07:21,659
give our values to geochemists get them

201
00:07:25,999 --> 00:07:23,250
to model where the organisms should be

202
00:07:29,269 --> 00:07:26,009
and see if we can lean them see that in

203
00:07:30,800 --> 00:07:29,279
data we get from the field side so the

204
00:07:32,959 --> 00:07:30,810
model organisms were using and the

205
00:07:34,519 --> 00:07:32,969
finnegans this is primarily because

206
00:07:36,950 --> 00:07:34,529
methanogens at least the ones we're

207
00:07:38,570 --> 00:07:36,960
looking at our one-trick pony at zuma

208
00:07:40,429 --> 00:07:38,580
philocan hyperthermophilic temperatures

209
00:07:41,899 --> 00:07:40,439
the only thing our methanogens are doing

210
00:07:43,939 --> 00:07:41,909
and thus we're looking at a restricted

211
00:07:45,830 --> 00:07:43,949
group of methanogens they are taking

212
00:07:47,540 --> 00:07:45,840
hydrogen they're taking co2 and now

213
00:07:49,010 --> 00:07:47,550
producing methane they're not using a

214
00:07:50,540 --> 00:07:49,020
seeder trophy they're not using any of

215
00:07:52,399 --> 00:07:50,550
the other weird methyl groups or

216
00:07:54,409 --> 00:07:52,409
anything we've doing one thing so it

217
00:07:56,240 --> 00:07:54,419
makes modeling there i'm energy so

218
00:07:58,459 --> 00:07:56,250
availability very easy because you only

219
00:08:00,740 --> 00:07:58,469
have to look at one reaction that one

220
00:08:02,510 --> 00:08:00,750
specific methanogenesis reaction instead

221
00:08:04,070 --> 00:08:02,520
of alternative metabolic strategies they

222
00:08:08,570 --> 00:08:04,080
might or might not be using and field

223
00:08:10,640 --> 00:08:08,580
conditions so this these two graphs are

224
00:08:12,860 --> 00:08:10,650
my growth energy data for two groups of

225
00:08:14,719 --> 00:08:12,870
methanogens the ones on the left asuma

226
00:08:16,209 --> 00:08:14,729
filip mosz elegans the methane of thermo

227
00:08:18,110 --> 00:08:16,219
cocci the ones on the writer

228
00:08:20,329 --> 00:08:18,120
hyperthermophilic methanogens the

229
00:08:22,700 --> 00:08:20,339
masonic older i which grow above 80

230
00:08:24,920 --> 00:08:22,710
degrees the thermophiles grow between 50

231
00:08:26,689 --> 00:08:24,930
and 80 degrees although these ones on

232
00:08:28,219 --> 00:08:26,699
the left all grow between about 50 and

233
00:08:30,769 --> 00:08:28,229
60 degrees at their optimum temperature

234
00:08:32,209 --> 00:08:30,779
and now these are growth energy is not

235
00:08:34,040 --> 00:08:32,219
maintain its energies this is sort of

236
00:08:36,380 --> 00:08:34,050
preliminary data so we're measuring the

237
00:08:38,689 --> 00:08:36,390
energy that they use when they grow

238
00:08:40,819 --> 00:08:38,699
instead of just maintaining themselves

239
00:08:43,040 --> 00:08:40,829
but you can see in immediately that

240
00:08:44,990 --> 00:08:43,050
apart from this one organism both the

241
00:08:46,939 --> 00:08:45,000
hyperthermophilic meth antigen and the

242
00:08:48,800 --> 00:08:46,949
thermophilic methanogens are these two

243
00:08:50,240 --> 00:08:48,810
graphs have the same scale they have

244
00:08:51,889 --> 00:08:50,250
roughly the same range of growth

245
00:08:53,630 --> 00:08:51,899
energies so the growth energies rise

246
00:08:55,189 --> 00:08:53,640
with temperature as they're growing at

247
00:08:56,930 --> 00:08:55,199
different temperatures but they're not

248
00:08:58,400 --> 00:08:56,940
hugely different even though this team

249
00:08:59,460 --> 00:08:58,410
this organism has a very different

250
00:09:01,680 --> 00:08:59,470
optimum temperature

251
00:09:03,210 --> 00:09:01,690
which is different to te sweet organisms

252
00:09:06,420 --> 00:09:03,220
with high optimum temperatures had

253
00:09:07,920 --> 00:09:06,430
higher maintenance energy so the next

254
00:09:09,510 --> 00:09:07,930
thing I want to do is measure the actual

255
00:09:10,770 --> 00:09:09,520
maintenance energies and the reason I'm

256
00:09:12,330 --> 00:09:10,780
doing that second is it's more difficult

257
00:09:14,610 --> 00:09:12,340
you have to grow the organisms and

258
00:09:16,470 --> 00:09:14,620
continuous chemostat culture on which

259
00:09:19,170 --> 00:09:16,480
when you're working with anaerobes grown

260
00:09:20,610 --> 00:09:19,180
in salt water at 80 degrees is somewhat

261
00:09:23,520 --> 00:09:20,620
difficult because they don't mess

262
00:09:26,190 --> 00:09:23,530
produce kemah stats to do that so and

263
00:09:27,630 --> 00:09:26,200
this is a graph from I forgot to put the

264
00:09:29,220 --> 00:09:27,640
attributions I'm a terrible person and

265
00:09:31,440 --> 00:09:29,230
this is a grab from holler and Jorgensen

266
00:09:33,150 --> 00:09:31,450
2013 and we're showing that what a

267
00:09:35,640 --> 00:09:33,160
continuous chemostat is doing you

268
00:09:37,230 --> 00:09:35,650
basically got an inflow stirs there's an

269
00:09:39,150 --> 00:09:37,240
outflow and that maintains the

270
00:09:41,130 --> 00:09:39,160
population and the chemostat of the same

271
00:09:43,890 --> 00:09:41,140
number so if you measure how much energy

272
00:09:45,480 --> 00:09:43,900
they're using then you can measure the

273
00:09:46,980 --> 00:09:45,490
minimum maintenance energy because the

274
00:09:49,680 --> 00:09:46,990
number of organisms and the chemostat

275
00:09:52,860 --> 00:09:49,690
never changes it sound so even if what

276
00:09:54,390 --> 00:09:52,870
some die and some grow for the total

277
00:09:56,490 --> 00:09:54,400
number of organisms you can average out

278
00:09:59,310 --> 00:09:56,500
and maintenance energy and this is from

279
00:10:00,810 --> 00:09:59,320
fido 1987 weird showing data were they

280
00:10:02,580 --> 00:10:00,820
doing the same thing they've got

281
00:10:04,380 --> 00:10:02,590
dilution rates for the chemostat they've

282
00:10:05,970 --> 00:10:04,390
got a production rate and they're

283
00:10:08,490 --> 00:10:05,980
graphing it out to get a maintenance

284
00:10:10,020 --> 00:10:08,500
energy measurement so this is what we

285
00:10:11,700 --> 00:10:10,030
want to do we want to grow organisms and

286
00:10:13,500 --> 00:10:11,710
a chemist at understood and conditions

287
00:10:14,730 --> 00:10:13,510
at a bunch of dilution rates we should

288
00:10:16,490 --> 00:10:14,740
be able to graph it and then get a

289
00:10:21,390 --> 00:10:16,500
maintenance energy from the intercept

290
00:10:22,920 --> 00:10:21,400
however this is by the way this is the

291
00:10:24,420 --> 00:10:22,930
chemist at i use and i just wanted to

292
00:10:26,220 --> 00:10:24,430
show you that because we can't buy one

293
00:10:27,840 --> 00:10:26,230
of these i have jury rigged it from

294
00:10:29,670 --> 00:10:27,850
things we had lying around the lab it's

295
00:10:31,770 --> 00:10:29,680
a big pyrox bottle which we put a heat

296
00:10:34,020 --> 00:10:31,780
jacket on this is actually a prebuilt

297
00:10:36,060 --> 00:10:34,030
some two liter bioreactor and then we

298
00:10:37,950 --> 00:10:36,070
hook them up with pumps and a pH thing

299
00:10:39,960 --> 00:10:37,960
then just hope none of it falls apart of

300
00:10:43,410 --> 00:10:39,970
breaks and it hasn't so far so I'm very

301
00:10:44,850 --> 00:10:43,420
relieved but this is the data I've got

302
00:10:46,710 --> 00:10:44,860
from my chemist a trans now I've only

303
00:10:48,480 --> 00:10:46,720
been doing these for two or three months

304
00:10:50,070 --> 00:10:48,490
so there's going to be a lot more data

305
00:10:51,570 --> 00:10:50,080
where this comes from but you can see

306
00:10:53,760 --> 00:10:51,580
immediately that I'm not really getting

307
00:10:55,440 --> 00:10:53,770
that same neat slope that they got now

308
00:10:57,180 --> 00:10:55,450
admittedly i've been growing than a

309
00:10:58,950 --> 00:10:57,190
different hydrogen concentrations in

310
00:11:01,350 --> 00:10:58,960
case that has an effect on the amount of

311
00:11:02,760 --> 00:11:01,360
energy they're using that it's pretty

312
00:11:04,770 --> 00:11:02,770
scattered they're not really in each

313
00:11:06,330 --> 00:11:04,780
slope and I think why this is is if you

314
00:11:08,160 --> 00:11:06,340
look at my hydrogen concentrations

315
00:11:10,350 --> 00:11:08,170
they're pretty low there's you know

316
00:11:12,870 --> 00:11:10,360
Michael moles per liter and these are

317
00:11:16,470 --> 00:11:12,880
produced by guessing it with between 30

318
00:11:19,020 --> 00:11:16,480
19 mils per minute of hydrogen if you go

319
00:11:21,330 --> 00:11:19,030
back too far dough and they don't have

320
00:11:23,010 --> 00:11:21,340
it here that they're using six or seven

321
00:11:24,930 --> 00:11:23,020
hundred mils a minute of hydrogen just

322
00:11:26,250 --> 00:11:24,940
truly immense quantities and I think

323
00:11:28,590 --> 00:11:26,260
what's happening is even though my

324
00:11:31,200 --> 00:11:28,600
hydrogen rates are comparable to what

325
00:11:34,020 --> 00:11:31,210
you would see in a hydrothermal vent it

326
00:11:35,910 --> 00:11:34,030
means that the organisms are not in

327
00:11:37,350 --> 00:11:35,920
there other studies organisms are next

328
00:11:38,730 --> 00:11:37,360
out there they have all the hydrogen

329
00:11:40,110 --> 00:11:38,740
they could need whereas of mine they

330
00:11:41,250 --> 00:11:40,120
might be restricted by hydrogen and

331
00:11:43,020 --> 00:11:41,260
that's why I'm not seeing the same

332
00:11:44,820 --> 00:11:43,030
relationship so we're going to have to

333
00:11:46,680 --> 00:11:44,830
work on basically finding out ways to

334
00:11:47,970 --> 00:11:46,690
produce the same data that other people

335
00:11:50,820 --> 00:11:47,980
who produce but the important thing

336
00:11:52,140 --> 00:11:50,830
right now is the system as up it runs I

337
00:11:54,240 --> 00:11:52,150
can measure thermophiles and

338
00:11:58,140 --> 00:11:54,250
hyperthermia files producing methane

339
00:11:59,880 --> 00:11:58,150
under these conditions so secondly we're

340
00:12:01,440 --> 00:11:59,890
also looking at collecting field data to

341
00:12:03,780 --> 00:12:01,450
make the comparisons when we have once

342
00:12:05,910 --> 00:12:03,790
we have the maintenance energy and we

343
00:12:07,230 --> 00:12:05,920
collect field data from axial volcano

344
00:12:09,330 --> 00:12:07,240
it's off the coast of oregon and

345
00:12:12,150 --> 00:12:09,340
washington on the Juan de Fuca Ridge we

346
00:12:14,430 --> 00:12:12,160
use Jason and remote operations

347
00:12:16,230 --> 00:12:14,440
submersible jason has a fluid collector

348
00:12:17,880 --> 00:12:16,240
attached to it which it sticks and to

349
00:12:19,410 --> 00:12:17,890
diffuse finding sites to collect fluid

350
00:12:21,270 --> 00:12:19,420
that we bring out to the surface to do

351
00:12:23,790 --> 00:12:21,280
culture dependent and our collaborators

352
00:12:25,710 --> 00:12:23,800
do culture independent and abundance and

353
00:12:28,530 --> 00:12:25,720
diversity analyses on the microbes that

354
00:12:31,260 --> 00:12:28,540
we find there so briefly this is from

355
00:12:33,180 --> 00:12:31,270
our field data from a trip last year we

356
00:12:34,980 --> 00:12:33,190
found that on the western side of the

357
00:12:36,450 --> 00:12:34,990
caldera which has a low hydrogen

358
00:12:38,340 --> 00:12:36,460
concentration there were no methanogens

359
00:12:40,500 --> 00:12:38,350
but their worth in the phila can

360
00:12:42,060 --> 00:12:40,510
hyperthermophilic heterotrophs so there

361
00:12:44,880 --> 00:12:42,070
are things living there we just didn't

362
00:12:47,430 --> 00:12:44,890
find any methanogens on the eastern side

363
00:12:49,470 --> 00:12:47,440
of the caldera where they have higher

364
00:12:51,660 --> 00:12:49,480
hydrogen concentrations we found

365
00:12:53,400 --> 00:12:51,670
Messenians at both hyperthermophilic and

366
00:12:55,710 --> 00:12:53,410
simmer falak temperatures and fewer

367
00:12:57,900 --> 00:12:55,720
heterotrophs and so we are seeing

368
00:13:00,200 --> 00:12:57,910
initially that on there is a there is

369
00:13:02,550 --> 00:13:00,210
basically a hydrogen concentration

370
00:13:05,280 --> 00:13:02,560
relationship between methanogens prism

371
00:13:08,160 --> 00:13:05,290
senders and n-methyl engine non prisons

372
00:13:09,960 --> 00:13:08,170
which can is consistent with data done

373
00:13:12,090 --> 00:13:09,970
from previous studies at the site so

374
00:13:14,040 --> 00:13:12,100
that bodes well for our heavy ability

375
00:13:16,590 --> 00:13:14,050
studies using the specific maintenance

376
00:13:18,150 --> 00:13:16,600
energies and in terms of future work we

377
00:13:20,610 --> 00:13:18,160
want to do a bunch more sampling at

378
00:13:23,250 --> 00:13:20,620
axial we're still waiting on data from

379
00:13:25,320 --> 00:13:23,260
our collaborators for the molecular data

380
00:13:26,079 --> 00:13:25,330
to look at them both knitted the

381
00:13:28,210 --> 00:13:26,089
messaging

382
00:13:30,069 --> 00:13:28,220
own genome amid a transcriptome and the

383
00:13:32,019 --> 00:13:30,079
geochemistry so the modelers can get to

384
00:13:33,160 --> 00:13:32,029
work I'm going to be spending the next

385
00:13:34,900 --> 00:13:33,170
two years basically getting the

386
00:13:36,970 --> 00:13:34,910
maintenance energy data and sorting all

387
00:13:38,319 --> 00:13:36,980
that out and thirdly I have a master's

388
00:13:39,850 --> 00:13:38,329
student working with me who's going to

389
00:13:42,610 --> 00:13:39,860
start looking at fire sulfate reduction

390
00:13:44,379 --> 00:13:42,620
so we can also move this modeling to

391
00:13:45,759 --> 00:13:44,389
other metabolisms apart from the Fenner

392
00:13:48,040 --> 00:13:45,769
genesis because we know there are fire

393
00:13:49,809 --> 00:13:48,050
sulfate reducers through the files at

394
00:13:51,549 --> 00:13:49,819
these events and we'll isolated them

395
00:13:53,889 --> 00:13:51,559
from there he can work with once we've

396
00:13:55,179 --> 00:13:53,899
isolated from the vents so I have hopes

397
00:13:57,059 --> 00:13:55,189
that that will produce some interest in

398
00:13:59,170 --> 00:13:57,069
comparisons with the methanogens and

399
00:14:01,449 --> 00:13:59,180
finally our like to think of my

400
00:14:02,980 --> 00:14:01,459
financial sponsors Iran and my lab and

401
00:14:04,449 --> 00:14:02,990
our collaborators who make all this

402
00:14:12,069 --> 00:14:04,459
possible by getting us the rest of the

403
00:14:25,119 --> 00:14:12,079
data thank you do we have any questions

404
00:14:27,790 --> 00:14:25,129
for see just a quick question are those

405
00:14:29,889 --> 00:14:27,800
though sulfate reducers one-trick ponies

406
00:14:31,360 --> 00:14:29,899
no they're not one trick ponies but we

407
00:14:34,119 --> 00:14:31,370
intend to grow them in conditions where

408
00:14:36,040 --> 00:14:34,129
they don't have the other things too to

409
00:14:40,749 --> 00:14:36,050
reduce so mostly those organisms reduce

410
00:14:42,100 --> 00:14:40,759
thiosulfate also sulfur sulfite a couple

411
00:14:47,259 --> 00:14:42,110
of other sulfur related things but we

412
00:14:49,960 --> 00:14:47,269
only give them toe sulfate hi great talk

413
00:14:51,639 --> 00:14:49,970
I was just curious if in addition to

414
00:14:54,639 --> 00:14:51,649
looking at the maintenance energy you

415
00:14:57,939 --> 00:14:54,649
put or I've been thinking about looking

416
00:14:59,230 --> 00:14:57,949
at also some of the other parameters

417
00:15:01,119 --> 00:14:59,240
that go into modeling like half

418
00:15:02,319 --> 00:15:01,129
saturation constants for nutrients or

419
00:15:03,819 --> 00:15:02,329
are you just focusing on maintenance

420
00:15:05,710 --> 00:15:03,829
industry for right now no we're also

421
00:15:07,989 --> 00:15:05,720
looking at the half saturation constants

422
00:15:09,280 --> 00:15:07,999
and I don't hit the ground CD really yet

423
00:15:10,689 --> 00:15:09,290
but we're working on taking the data

424
00:15:12,369 --> 00:15:10,699
with God and putting into Michaela's

425
00:15:17,199 --> 00:15:12,379
Minton and lineweaver-burk plot sand

426
00:15:21,639 --> 00:15:17,209
looking at those things absolutely any

427
00:15:23,400 --> 00:15:21,649
other questions ok let's think here